Reduction Of Trace Quantities Of Chromium (vi) By Strong Acids

The chemical behavior of Cr(VI) at low concentrations (10-4 to 10-7 mol L-1) in several strong acids was studied using high specific activity 51Cr(VI) as a tracer. The speciation of the products from these systems was carried out by ion exchange chromatography with stepwise elution. The results show that trace quantities of Cr(VI), monitored by means of radiochromium (51Cr), are reduced in the presence of mineral acids such as perchloric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, nitric and trifluoromethanesulfonic acids, even in the absence of conventional reducing agents, producing different measureable Cr(III) species, depending on the acid anion. Detailed studies of the reduction of low concentrations of Cr(VI) with nitric acid have shown that the relative rate of reduction increases as the concentration of the acid increases or as the concentration of the Cr(VI) decreases.1515865Weeks, M.E., Leicester, H.M., (1968) Discovery of the Elements, 7th Ed., , American Chemical Society: EastonFeigl, F., (1943) J. Chem. Educ., 20, p. 240Westheimer, F.H., (1949) Chem. Rev., 45, p. 419Wiberg, K.B., (1965) Oxidation in Organic Chemistry, Part A, , Academic: New YorkCainelli, G., Cardillo, G., (1984) Chromium Oxidations in Organic Chemistry, , Springer-Verlag: BerlinDas, A.K., (2001) Oxid. Commun., 24, p. 321Beattie, J.K., Haight Jr., G.P., (1972) Prog. Inorg. Chem., 17, p. 93Fendorf, S., Wienlinga, B.W., Hansel, C.M., (2000) Int. Geol. Rev., 42, p. 691Smith, G.F., (1934) Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Edition, 6, p. 229Bobtelsky, M., Glasner, A., (1948) J. Chem. Soc., p. 1376Ho, W.-H., (1979) Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC, 4, p. 1Archundia, C., Collins, C.H., Collins, K.E., (1990) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 146, p. 49Archundia, C., Bonato, P.S., Lugo Rivera, J.F., Mascioli, L.C., Collins, C.H., Collins, K.E., (1993) Sci. Total Environ., 130-131, p. 231Archundia, C., Lugo Rivera, J.F., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (1995) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art., 195, p. 363Pezzin, S.H., Archundia, C., Collins, C.H., Collins, K.E., (1997) Radiochim. Acta, 77, p. 91Khan, Z., Hashmi, A.A., Din, K., (1998) Transition Met. Chem., 23, p. 147Pezzin, S.H., Collins, C.H., Archundia, C., Collins, K.E., (1998) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 236, p. 209Pezzin, S.H., Archundia, C., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2000) Czech. J. Phys., 50, p. 315Pezzin, S.H., Collins, C.H., Collins, K.E., (2000) Proceedings of the National Meeting on Nuclear Applications, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CD-ROM, paper no. 61Pavel, J., Kliment, J., Stoerk, S., Suter, O., (1985) Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 321, p. 587Stollenwerk, K.G., Grove, D.B., (1985) J. Environ. Qual., 14, p. 386Gil, M., Escolar, D., Iza, N., Montero, J.L., (1986) Appl. Spectrosc., 40, p. 1156Tong, J.Y.P., King, E.L., (1960) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, p. 3805Espenson, J.H., King, E.L., (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 85, p. 3328Khan, Z., Din, K., (2001) Indian J. Chem., 40 A, p. 528Haight Jr., G.P., Richardson, D.C., Coburn, N.H., (1964) Inorg. Chem., 3, p. 1777Espenson, J.H., (1964) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, p. 5101Pezzin, S.H., Collins, C.H., Collins, K.E., (2001) Radiochim. Acta, 89, p. 845House, D.A., (1994) Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organometallic Reactions, p. 97. , Twigg, M. V., ed.Plenum: New YorkSena, M.M., Scarminio, I.S., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2000) Talanta, 53, p. 453Cruywagen, J.J., Heyns, J.B.B., Rohwer, E.A., (1998) Polyhedron, 17, p. 1741Brito, F., Ascanio, J., Mateo, S., Hernandez, C., Araujo, L., Gili, P., MartinZarza, P., Mederos, A., (1997) Polyhedron, 16, p. 3835Nriagu, J.O., Nieboer, E., (1988) Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, , Wiley: New YorkCollins, C.H., Pezzin, S.H., Lugo Rivera, J.F., Bonato, P.S., Windmöller, C., Archundia, C., Collins, K.E., (1997) J. Chromatogr. A, 789, p. 469Marques, M.J., Salvador, A., Morales-Rubio, A., De La Guardia, M., (2000) Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem., 367, p. 601Collins, K.E., Bonato, P.S., Archundia, C., De Queiroz, M.E.L.R., Collins, C.H., (1988) Chromatographia, 26, p. 160Collins, C.H., Collins, K.E., Ackerhalt, R.E., (1971) J. Radioanal. Chem., 8, p. 263De Andrade, J.C., Collins, K.E., (1981) Quim. Nova, 4, p. 89Gates, H.S., King, E.L., (1958) J. Am. Chem. 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Relations for classical communication capacity and entanglement capability of two-qubit operations

Bipartite operations underpin both classical communication and entanglement generation. Using a superposition of classical messages, we show that the capacity of a two-qubit operation for error-free entanglement-assisted bidirectional classical communication can not exceed twice the entanglement capability. In addition we show that any bipartite two-qubit operation can increase the communication that may be performed using an ensemble by twice the entanglement capability.Comment: 4 page

Better detection of Multipartite Bound Entanglement with Three-Setting Bell Inequalities

It was shown in Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 230402 (2001) that N (N >= 4) qubits described by a certain one parameter family F of bound entangled states violate Mermin-Klyshko inequality for N >= 8. In this paper we prove that the states from the family F violate Bell inequalities derived in Phys. Rev. A, 56, R1682 (1997), in which each observer measures three non-commuting sets of orthogonal projectors, for N >=7. We also derive a simple one parameter family of entanglement witnesses that detect entanglement for all the states belonging to F. It is possible that these new entanglement witnesses could be generated by some Bell inequalities.Comment: Revtex4, 1 figur

Controlling Factors Determining The Selective Hscn Addition To Double Bonds And Their Application To The Synthesis Of 7-isothiocyano-7,8-α-dihydro-bisabolene

The reactivity of terminal and trisubstituted double bonds of monoterpenes with HSCN has been examined by GC giving evidence that kinetics is responsible for the chemoselective addition to terminal double bonds in terpenes. The results show that the addition to the terminal double bond is about 17 times faster than for trisubstituted double bonds and that the presence of the first SCN group in the molecule prevents a second addition. The presence of a hydroxyl or methoxy group in the molecule, decreases the reaction kinetics. Based on these kinetic experiments a two steps synthesis of the natural product 7-isothiocyano-7,8-dihydro-α-bisabolene using bisabolol as starting material, was planned and successfully accomplished.125661666Drobnica, L., Kristían, P., Augustín, J., The Chemistry of the Cyanates and Their Thio Derivatives, , Saul Patai Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New YorkEdenborough, M.S., Herbert, R.B., (1988) Nat. Prod., p. 229Faulkner, D.J., (1994) Nat. Prod., p. 355(1993) Nat. Prod., p. 497(1992) Nat. Prod., p. 323(1991) Nat. Prod., p. 97(1990) Nat. Prod., p. 269(1988) Nat. Prod., p. 613Fraga, B.M., (1994) Nat. Prod. Rep., p. 533Piers, E., Young, B.W.A., Rettig, S.J., (1987) Tetrahedron, 43 (23), p. 5521Piers, E., Yeung, B.W., (1986) Can. J. Chem., 64, p. 2475Chenera, B., Chuang, C.P., Hart, D.J., Lai, C.S., (1992) J. Org. Chem., 57, p. 2018Da Silva, C.C., Almagro, V., Zukerman-Schpector, J., Castellano, E.E., Marsaioli, A.J., (1994) J. Org. Chem., 59, p. 2880Da Silva, C.C., Almagro, V., Marsaioli, A.J., (1993) Tetrahedron Lett., 34, p. 6717Martin, V.S., Woodward, S.S., Katsuki, T., Yamada, Y., Ikeda, M., Sharpless, K.B., (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, p. 6237Rakels, J.L., Straathof, A.J.J., Heijnin, J.J., (1993) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 15, p. 1051Diveley, W.R., Buntin, G.A., (1969) J. Org. Chem., 34, p. 616Queiroga, C.L., Ferracini, V.L., Marsaioli, A.J., (1996) Phytochemistry, 42, p. 1097(-)Bisabolol (8) [(αS, 1S)-1-methanol-α,4-dimethyl-α-4-methyl-3-pentenyl-3-cyclohexene] was obtained from commercial candeia oil (CITRÓLEO - S.Paulo, SP, Brazil)Sullivan, B.W., Faulkner, D.J., Okamoto, K.T., Chen, M.H.M., Clardy, J., (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, p. 5134Dubois, J.E., Lomas, J.S., (1971) Tetrahedron Lett., 7, p. 599Delay, F., Ohloff, F., (1979) Helv. Chem. Acta, 62, p. 326A sample of dihydrolimonene was kindly provided by Prof. Marcio C. S. de Mattos from IQ/UFRJ, RJ, Brazi

Revisiting the Bs(∗)B^{(*)}_s-Meson Production at the Hadronic Colliders

The production of heavy-flavored hadron at the hadronic colliders provides a challenging opportunity to test the validity of pQCD predictions. There are two mechanisms for the $B^{(*)}_s$ hadroproduction, i.e. the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism via the subprocess $g+g\rightarrow B^{(*)}_s+b+\bar{s}$ and the extrinsic heavy quark mechanism via the subprocesses $g+\bar{b}\to B^{(*)}_s +\bar{s}$ and $g+s\to B^{(*)}_s +b$, both of which shall have sizable contributions in proper kinematic region. Different from the fixed-flavor-number scheme (FFNS) previously adopted in the literature, we study the $B^{(*)}_s$ hadroproduction under the general-mass variable-flavor-number scheme (GM-VFNS), in which we can consistently deal with the double counting problem from the above two mechanisms. Properties for the $B^{(*)}_s$ hadroproduction are discussed. To be useful reference, a comparative study of FFNS and GM-VFNS is presented. Both of which can provide reasonable estimations for the $B^{(*)}_s$ hadroproduction. At the Tevatron, the difference between these two schemes is small, however such difference is obvious at the LHC. The forthcoming more precise data on LHC shall provide a good chance to check which scheme is more appropriate to deal with the $B^{(*)}_s$-meson production and to further study the heavy quark components in hadrons.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables. To match the published version. To be published in Eur.Phys.J.

Cut Vertices and Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Processes

Cut vertices, a generalization of matrix elements of local operators, are revisited, and an expansion in terms of minimally subtracted cut vertices is formulated. An extension of the formalism to deal with semi-inclusive deep inelastic processes in the target fragmentation region is explicitly constructed. The problem of factorization is discussed in detail.Comment: LaTex2e, 24 pages including 17 postscript figure

Restoration of kTk_T factorization for low pTp_T hadron hadroproduction

We discuss the applicability of the $k_T$ factorization theorem to low-$p_T$ hadron production in hadron-hadron collision in a simple toy model, which involves only scalar particles and gluons. It has been shown that the $k_T$ factorization for high-$p_T$ hadron hadroproduction is broken by soft gluons in the Glauber region, which are exchanged among a transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) parton density and other subprocesses of the collision. We explain that the contour of a loop momentum can be deformed away from the Glauber region at low $p_T$, so the above residual infrared divergence is factorized by means of the standard eikonal approximation. The $k_T$ factorization is then restored in the sense that a TMD parton density maintains its universality. Because the resultant Glauber factor is independent of hadron flavors, experimental constraints on its behavior are possible. The $k_T$ factorization can also be restored for the transverse single-spin asymmetry in hadron-hadron collision at low $p_T$ in a similar way, with the residual infrared divergence being factorized into the same Glauber factor.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, version to appear in EPJ

Optimal Entanglement Generation from Quantum Operations

We consider how much entanglement can be produced by a non-local two-qubit unitary operation, $U_{AB}$ - the entangling capacity of $U_{AB}$. For a single application of $U_{AB}$, with no ancillas, we find the entangling capacity and show that it generally helps to act with $U_{AB}$ on an entangled state. Allowing ancillas, we present numerical results from which we can conclude, quite generally, that allowing initial entanglement typically increases the optimal capacity in this case as well. Next, we show that allowing collective processing does not increase the entangling capacity if initial entanglement is allowed.Comment: v1.0 15 pages, 3 figures, written in revtex4. v2.0 References updated. Submitted to Phys. Rev. A v3.0 16 pages, 4 figures. Expanded explanation in section 3A, figures corrected and made clearer. Definition of entangling capacity in section 4 made explicit. Other minor typos correcte

Family of Zeilinger-Horne-Greenberger "W" states lead to stronger nonclassicality than family of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger "GHZ" states

The N-qubit states of the W class, for N>10, lead to more robust (against noise admixture) violations of local realism, than the GHZ states. These violations are most pronounced for correlations for a pair of qubits, conditioned on specific measurement results for the remaining (N-2) qubits. The considerations provide us with a qualitative difference between the W state and GHZ state in the situation when they are separately sent via depolarizing channels. For sufficiently high amount of noise in the depolarizing channel, the GHZ states cannot produce a distillable state between two qubits, whereas the W states can still produce a distillable state in a similar situation.Comment: v3: 7 pages, 2 figures, REVTeX4; v2: result on comparative yield of singlets added, 1 new figur

The influence of biochar position in a leach bed system anaerobically digesting chicken litter

As a consequence of the rapidly growing poultry industry, chicken litter is becoming an abundant and problematic waste. Anaerobic digestion of chicken litter can mitigate environmental issues while producing valuable by-products. Recent studies have shown that leach bed reactor (LBR) systems are suitable for processing chicken litter and that anaerobic digestion can be enhanced using biochar. This study investigates the influence of biochar position within an LBR system on anaerobic digestion of chicken litter. Compared to a system without biochar, application of biochar in both the LBR (mixed in with the feedstock or as a layer below the feedstock) and coupled leachate tank (LT) increased methane yield by 6 to 8% at 51 days and accelerated VFA degradation and methane production. More significant differences in methane yield were observed at shorter solid retention times. Biochar mixed in feedstock in addition to a filter in the LT performed best in terms of both methane and hydrogen sulfide production, with a 77% reduction in hydrogen sulfide yield and hydrogen sulfide contents maintained below 500 ppm. The enhanced rates of VFA degradation and methane production when applying biochar in both reactors corresponds with observed differences in the methanogen population. Biochar application in both reactors increased the abundance of Methanobacteriales in digestate and Methanosarcinaceae in leachate compared to the control. Microbial attachment and activity on biochar also increased when mixed in feedstock. Increased diversity of the methanogen population throughout the system, as well as increased activity on biochar, may have facilitated the syntrophic relationship between acetogenic bacteria and methanogens, thus accelerating VFA degradation and methane production. These results suggest mixing biochar in feedstock, in addition to a biochar filter in the LT, to enhance anaerobic digestion of chicken litter in this system.Ben A. Collins, Cristian H. Birzer, Stephen P. Kidd, Tony Hall, Paul R. Medwel